Nickel Alloys
Nickel alloys consist of many different alloys which are utilized for their special qualities such as outstanding corrosion and high temperature which allow them to perform in extreme conditions.
The recent alloys in these category also have a wide range of ancillary elements are combined to provide unique properties – some of these can be quite complicated and require very close control over composition and heat treatment.
ALLOY 276 / C276
Alloy 276 is a nickel-molybdenum-chromium super alloy with an expansion of tungsten designed to have excellent corrosion resistance in an extensive variety of serious situations. The high nickel alloy and molybdenum substance make the nickel steel alloy particularly resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion in reducing situations while chromium passes on resistance to oxidizing media. The low carbon content minimizes carbide precipitation during welding to keep up corrosion resistance in as-welded structures.
These nickel alloys are resistant to the formation of grain limit accelerates in the weld heat-influenced area, along with thus making it suitable for most chemical process applications in an as welded condition. Although the fact that there are a few varieties of the Hastelloy nickel alloy, Hastelloy C-276 is by far the most generally utilized. Alloy C-276 is mostly utilized as a part of the most serious situations, for example, chemical processing, pollution control, pulp and paper production; industrial and municipal waste treatment and recovery of sour natural gas.
Chemical Composition
| Alloy | Ni | Mo | Cr | Fe | W | Co | Mn | V | Si | P | C | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C276 | 57 | 15 - 17 | 14.5 - 16.5 | 4 - 7 | 3 - 4.50 | 2.50 | 1 | 0.35 | 0.080 | 0.025 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
Mechanical Properties
| Tensile Strength | 601.2 MPa | 87200 psi |
|---|---|---|
| Yield strength | 204.8 MPa | 29700 psi |
| Elastic modulus (RT) | 205 GPa | 29700 ksi |
| Elongation (in 50.8 mm, 399°F) | 56% | 56% |
| Hardness (Brinell) | 87 | 87 |
Physical Properties
| Density | 8.89 g/cm³ | 0.321 lb/in³ |
|---|---|---|
| Melting point | 1371°C | 2500°F |
Industries / End Use: Stack liners, ducts, dampers, scrubbers, stack gas reheaters, heat exchangers, reaction vessels, evaporators, transfer piping and many other highly corrosive applications.
ALLOY 20
Alloy 20 is nickel-iron-chromium alloy with additions of molybdenum and copper. Typically, nickel makes up approximately 30% of its composition, with iron being found in equal if not greater amounts. This provides corrosion resistance, and specifically resistance from chloride stress cracking. Alloy 20 is practically immune to chlorine and was designed to be used in sulfuric environments. It is commonly applied in acidic and/or corrosive environments, such as those that contain phosphoric and nitric acid. Alloy 20 has proven to be excellent under corrosive conditions and various forms of media. As a result, it is commonly found in processing applications—such as food or chemicals—along with pharmaceutical storage and processing.
Alloy 20 is pliable under both hot and cold working practices, however it does have some limitations in regards to temperature. Hot-working practices should stay between 2100—2250°F. Temperature control is essential in terms of work-hardening, forging and welding the metal due to potential risks to its stability. Overall, Alloy 20 is an excellent alternative to more expensive metals with similar applications.
Chemical Composition
| Ni | Cr | Cu | Mo | Mn | Nb+Ta | Si | C | p | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32.00 to 38.00 | 19.00 to 21.00 | 3.00 to 4.00 | 2.00 to 3.00 | 2.00 max | (8 x C) to 1.00 | 1.00 max | 0.07 max | 0.045 max | 0.035 max |
Mechanical Properties
| Properties | Tensile strength (annealed) | Yield strength (annealed) | Elongation at break (annealed) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | 620 MPa | v300 MPa | 41% |
| Imperial | 89900 psi | 43500 psi | 41% |
Physical Properties
| Properties | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.05 g/cm3 | 0.291 lb/in3 |
Industries / End Use: Storage tanks, mixing tanks, agitators, pump and valve parts, food processing equipment, fasteners and fittings
ALLOY 400 / MONEL 400
Monel 400 has incredible mechanical properties at below zero temperatures, can be utilized as a part of temperatures up to 1000° F and its melting point is 2370-2460° F. In any case, alloy 400 is low in strength in the annealed condition along these lines; an assortment of tempers might be utilized to increase the strength.
Chemical Composition
| Grade | Ni | Cu | C | Mn | Si | S | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alloy 400 (min-max) | 63.00 - 0 | 28.00 - 34.00 | 0 - 0.30 | 0 - 2.00 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.024 | 0 - 2.50 |
Mechanical Properties
| Hot Worked & Annealed | Cold Worked & Stress Relieved | |
|---|---|---|
| 0.2% PROOF STRESS | 172 N/mm2 | 483 - 690 N/mm2 |
| 1.0% Proof Stress | 195 N/mm2 | 621 - 862 N/mm2 |
| Tensile Strength | 483 N/mm2 | 621 - 862 N/mm2 |
| Elongation, 5.65√S0 and 4D | 35% | 20% |
| Reduction of area | 60% | 60% |
| Hardness | 110 – 132 HBN | 35 HRC max |
| Impact Strength (Room Temp) | 160J av (150J min) | 160J av (150J min) |
Physical Properties
| Grade | Alloy 400 |
|---|---|
| Density (kg/m3) | 8830 |
| Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | Could show magnetism as Curie temperature is close to room temperature |
| Young’s Modulus (kN/mm2) | 179 |
| Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (µΩ-m) | 0.51 |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (m/m/degC) | 14.1 x 10-6 |
| Specific Heat, 20°C (J/kg.K) | 419 |
| Thermal conductivity, 20°C (W/m.K) | 21.8 |
| Curie Temperature (°C) | 21 - 49 |
Industry / End Use: Pumps and valves, propeller shafts, marine fixtures and fasteners, electronic components, springs, chemical processing equipment, fresh and salt water tanks, process vessels and piping, boiler feedwater heaters and other heat exchangers.
ALLOY 500 / MONEL 500
Monel K-500 is a precipitation-hardeningenables nickel-copper alloy that consolidates the magnificent corrosion resistance characteristic for Monel 400 with the additional point of preference of more noteworthy strength and hardness. These intensified properties, strength and hardness, are acquired by adding aluminium and titanium to the nickel-copper base and by thermal processing used to impact precipitation, usually called age hardening or aging. At the point when in the age- hardening condition, Monel K-500 has a more prominent propensity toward stress corrosion cracking splitting in a fewer situations than Monel 400. Alloy K-500 has around three times the yield strength and twofold the tensile when contrasted with alloy 400.
Chemical Composition
| Alloy K500 | Ni | Ti | Cu | C | Mn | Si | S | Fe | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min-max | 63.00 - 0 | 0.35 - 0.85 | 27.00 - 33.00 | 0 - 0.25 | 0 - 1.50 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.010 | 0 - 2.00 | 2.30 - 3.15 |
Mechanical Properties
| 0.2% Proof Stress | Tensile Strength | Elongation, 5.65√S0 | Reduction of area | Hardness (Brinell) | Impact Strength (Room Temp) | Impact Strength (-46°C) : Longitudinal | Impact Strength (-46oC) : Transverse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 450 N/mm2 | 655 N/mm2 | 25% | 45% | <270 | 80J (av) | 100-260mm 45J (35J min) | 50-260mm 45J (35J min) |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg/m3) | Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | Young’s Modulus (kN/mm2) | Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (µΩ-m) | Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (m/m/degC)\ | Specific Heat, 20°C (J/kg.K) | Thermal conductivity, 20°C (W/m.K) | Curie Temperature (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8430 | <1.005 (1.002 typical) | 179 | 0.62 | 13.4 x 10-6 | 418 | 17.5 | -90 |
Industry / End Use: Fasteners, springs, chains, pump and valve components, drill collars, doctor blades, scrapers, mixing shafts, impellers, sensors, electrical components and other highly corrosive applications where strength and hardness are important.
ALLOY 625/ INCONEL 625
Inconel 625 is corrosion and oxidation resistant nickel alloy. This Inconel 625 alloy is utilized both for its high strength and exceptional fluid corrosion resistance.
Its extraordinary strength and sturdiness is because of the expansion of niobium, which acts with the molybdenum to stiffen the alloy’s matrix. Alloy 625 has superb strength and stress corrosion cracking resistance to chloride ions. This nickel alloy has very good weldability and is as often as possible used to weld AL-6XN. This alloy resists an extensive variety of severely corrosive environments and is especially resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion. Some of the applications Inconel 625 are utilized as a part of chemical processing, aerospace as well as marine engineering, pollution-control equipment and nuclear reactors.
Chemical Composition
| Alloy 625 | Cr | Ni | Mo | Co | Nb (+Ta) | Ti | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Fe | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min - max | 20.00 - 23.00 | 58.00 - 0 | 8.00 - 10.00 | 0 - 1.00 | 3.15 - 4.15 | 0 - 0.40 | 0 - 0.10 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.015 | 0 - 0.015 | 0 - 5.00 | 0 - 0.40 |
Mechanical Properties
| Bars up to and including 4” diameter | Bars above 4” diameter | |
|---|---|---|
| 0.2% Proof Stress | 415 N/mm2 | 345 N/mm2 |
| Tensile Strength | 830 N/mm2 | 760 N/mm2 |
| Elongation, 5.65√S0 and 4D | 30% | 25% |
| Reduction of area | 35% | 35% |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg.m-1) | 84.4 |
|---|---|
| Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | <1.001 |
| Curie Temperature (°C) | -196 |
| Young’s Modulus (N/mm2) | 207.5 |
| Specific Heat, 20°C (J/(g.K)) | 410 |
| Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (Ω-m) | 0.0129 |
| Thermal conductivity, 20°C (W/(m.K)) | 9.9 |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (/K) | 12.8 x 10-6 |
Industry / End Use: Heat exchangers, bellows, expansion joints, exhaust systems, fasteners, quick connect fittings and many other applications requiring strength and resistance against aggressive corrosive environments
ALLOY 718 / INCONEL 718
Other well known nickel-chromium alloys are age hardened through the expansion of aluminium and titanium. This nickel steel alloy is promptly fabricated and might be welded in either the annealed or precipitation (age) hardened condition.
Chemical Composition
| Grade | Cr | Ni | Mo | Co | Nb (+Ta) | Ti | Cu | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alloy 718 (min-max) | 17.00 - 21.00 | 50.00 - 55.00 | 2.80 - 3.30 | 0 - 1.00 | 4.70 - 5.50 | 0.65 - 1.15 | 0 - 0.30 | 0 - 0.08 | 0 - 0.35 | 0 - 0.35 | 0 - 0.015 | 0 - 0.015 | Bal |
Mechanical Properties
| 0.2% Proof Stress, min | 0.2% Proof Stress, min | Tensile strength, min | Elongation, 5.65√S0 and 4D | Reduction of Area | Hardness (Rockwell C) | Impact Strength (-60oC) Longitudinal | Impact Strength (-60oC) Transverse | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bars up to and including 10” (254) diameter | 827 N/mm2 | 1000 N/mm2 | 1034 N/mm2 | 20% | 35% | 32-40HRC | 68J av (61J min) | 47J av (41J min) |
| Bars greater than 10” (254mm) diameter | 827 N/mm2 | 1000 N/mm2 | 1034 N/mm2 | 20% | 25% | 32-40HRC | 41J av (37J min) | |
| Bars up to and including 10” (254) diameter | 965 N/mm2 | 1034 N/mm2 | 1138 N/mm2 | 20% | 35% | 34-40 HRC | 68J av (61J min) | 47J av (41J min) |
| Bars greater than 10” (254mm) diameter | 965 N/mm2 | 1034 N/mm2 | 1103 N/mm2 | 20% | 25% | 34-40HRC | 100-260mm 45J (35J min) | 41J av (37J min) |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg/m3) | Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | Young’s Modulus (kN/mm2) | Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (µΩ-m) | Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (m/m/°C) | Specific Heat, 20°C (J/kg.K) | Thermal Conductivity, 20°C (W/m.K) | Curie Temperature (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8230 | <1.002 | 200 | 1.25 | 12.1 x 10-6 | 435 | 11.1 | -112 (aged) |
Industry / End Use: Liquid fueled rockets, rings, casings and various formed sheet metal parts for aircraft and land-based gas turbine engines, and cryogenic tankage. It is also used for fasteners and instrumentation parts.
ALLOY 825 / INCOLOY 825
Incoloy 825 is a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with increments of molybdenum and copper. This nickel steel alloy chemical composition is intended to give exceptional resistance to numerous corrosive situations. It is like alloy 800 however, has enhanced resistance to aqueous corrosion. It has magnificent resistance to both decreasing and oxidizing acids, to stretch-corrosion splitting and to restricted assault, for example, pitting and crevice corrosion. Alloy 825 is particularly resistant to sulfuric and phosphoric acids.The Nickel steel alloy is utilized for acid production, chemical processing, oil and gas well piping, pollution-control equipment, nuclear fuel reprocessing and pickling equipment.
Chemical Composition
| Grade | Cr | Ni | Mo | Ti | Cu | C | Mn | Si | S | Fe | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min - max | 19.50 - 23.50 | 38.00 - 46.00 | 2.50 - 3.50 | 0.60 - 1.20 | 1.50 - 3.00 | 0 - 0.05 | 0 - 1.00 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.03 | 22.00 - 0 | 0 - 0.20 |
Mechanical Properties
| 0.2% Proof Stress | 241 N/mm2 | 35 ksi |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 590 N/mm2 | 86 ksi |
| Elongation, 5.65√S0 and 4D | 30% | |
| Reduction of Area | 40% | |
| Hardness (Brinell) | 327 max. |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg.m-1) | 81.4 |
|---|---|
| Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | 1.005 |
| Curie Temperature (°C) | -196 |
| Young’s Modulus (N/mm2) | 196 |
| Specific Heat, 20°C (J/(g.K)) | 440 |
| Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (Ω-m) | 0.00113 |
| Thermal conductivity, 20°C (W/(m.K)) | 10.8 |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (/K) |
Industry / End Use: Valve components, thermowells and sensors, fasteners and also some downhole tooling which make use of its non-magnetic properties
ALLOY 22
Alloy C-22 is an adaptable austenitic nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy with upgraded resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. The high chromium content gives excellent resistance to oxidizing media while the molybdenum and tungsten content give very good resistance to decreasing media.
This nickel steel alloy likewise has magnificent resistance to oxidizing aqueous media, consisting wet chlorine and mixtures containing nitric acid or oxidizing acids with chlorine ions. Different corrosives Hastelloy C-22 has resistance to are oxidizing acid chlorides, wet chlorine, formic and acetic acids, ferric and cupric chlorides, sea water, brine and many mixed or contaminated chemical solutions, both natural and inorganic. These nickel alloys offer ideal resistance to situations where reducing and oxidizing conditions are experienced in process streams. This is valuable in multi-reason plants where such “upset” conditions happen oftentimes. These nickel alloys resist the development of grain-limit accelerates in the weld heat-influenced area, subsequently making it suitable for most chemical process applications in the as-welded condition. Alloy C-22 ought not to be utilized as a part of service temperatures above 1250° F because of the formation of adverse stages which form over this temperature.
Chemical Composition
| Grade | Cr | Ni | Mo | Ti | Cu | C | Mn | Si | S | Fe | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min - max | 19.50 - 23.50 | 38.00 - 46.00 | 2.50 - 3.50 | 0.60 - 1.20 | 1.50 - 3.00 | 0 - 0.05 | 0 - 1.00 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.03 | 22.00 - 0 | 0 - 0.20 |
Mechanical Properties
| 0.2% Proof Stress | 241 N/mm2 | 35 ksi |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 590 N/mm2 | 86 ksi |
| Elongation, 5.65√S0 and 4D | 30% | |
| Reduction of Area | 40% | |
| Hardness (Brinell) | 327 max. |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg.m-1) | 81.4 |
|---|---|
| Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | 1.005 |
| Curie Temperature (°C) | -196 |
| Young’s Modulus (N/mm2) | 196 |
| Specific Heat, 20°C (J/(g.K)) | 440 |
| Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (Ω-m) | 0.00113 |
| Thermal conductivity, 20°C (W/(m.K)) | 10.8 |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (/K) |
Industry / End Use: Waste incinerators, equipment for flue-gas desulfurization scrubbers, nuclear fuel reprocessing/spent fuel containers, pickling systems, heat exchanger components, equipment for chemical manufacturing, flow meters and many other highly corrosive applications.
ALLOY 600
Inconel 600 is a nickel-chromium alloy utilized for applications that require corrosion as well as high temperature resistance. These nickel alloys was intended for service temperatures from cryogenic to high temperatures in the scope of 2000° F.
It is non-magnetic, has phenomenal mechanical properties, and presents the alluring blend of high strength and very good weldability under an extensive scope of temperatures. The high nickel content in Inconel 600 enables it to hold extensive resistance under decreasing conditions, makes it resistant to corrosion by various organic and inorganic mixes and gives it magnificentresistance to chloride- ion stress-corrosion breaking furthermore gives magnificent resistance to alkaline solutions. Average utilizations of this nickel alloy incorporate the chemical, pulp and paper, aerospace, nuclear engineering and heat treating industries.
Chemical Composition
| Grade | Cr | Ni | Mo | Ti | Cu | C | Mn | Si | S | Fe | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min - max | 19.50 - 23.50 | 38.00 - 46.00 | 2.50 - 3.50 | 0.60 - 1.20 | 1.50 - 3.00 | 0 - 0.05 | 0 - 1.00 | 0 - 0.50 | 0 - 0.03 | 22.00 - 0 | 0 - 0.20 |
Mechanical Properties
| 0.2% Proof Stress | 241 N/mm2 | 35 ksi |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 590 N/mm2 | 86 ksi |
| Elongation, 5.65√S0 and 4D | 30% | |
| Reduction of Area | 40% | |
| Hardness (Brinell) | 327 max. |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg.m-1) | 81.4 |
|---|---|
| Magnetic Permeability (20°C) | 1.005 |
| Curie Temperature (°C) | -196 |
| Young’s Modulus (N/mm2) | 196 |
| Specific Heat, 20°C (J/(g.K)) | 440 |
| Specific Electrical Resistance, 20°C (Ω-m) | 0.00113 |
| Thermal conductivity, 20°C (W/(m.K)) | 10.8 |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100°C (/K) |
Industry / End Use: Chemical process industry applications include heaters, condensers and trays. Heat-treat industry applications include muffles, retorts, baskets and other furnace fixtures. Aerospace industry applications include exhaust liners, turbine seals and air-frame components.
HASTELLOY C-22
Hastelloy C22 provides resistance to general corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, intergranular attack, and stress corrosion cracking. Hastelloy C22 contains chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and iron which makes the alloy resistant to corrosion in stagnant or flowing seawater. The alloy is formed by gas tungsten-arc, gas metal-arc, and shielded metal-arc processes. Hastelloy C22® seamless pipe is available up to 2″ NB. Larger sizes are available in welded construction (100% X-ray) and can also be fabricated to order. Hastelloy C22 tubing is available up 2″ OD in welded & 1/2″ OD isn seamless construction. Hastelloy C22 redrawn tubes and tubing with tight tolerances can be supplied in almost any size no matter how small the size or quantity.
Chemical Composition
| Grade | C | Si | P | S | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Mo | W |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.015 max | 0.08 max | 0.02 max | 0.02 max | 0.35 max | 20.0 - 22.5 | 0.50 max | 2.0 - 6.0 | 2.5 max | Remainder | 12.5 - 14.5 | 2.5 - 3.5 |
Mechanical Properties
| Tensile Strength (ksi) | 0.2% Yield Strength (ksi) | Elongation% in 2 inches |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | 45 | 45 |
Physical Properties
| Density (Kg/m3) | Specific Heat | Melting Range | Modulus of Elasticity | Electrical Resistivity | Coefficient of Expansion | Thermal Conductivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.69 g/cm³ | 0.093 Kcal/kg.C | 1357 - 1399 °C | 205.5 KN/mm² | 113.7 µΩ.cm | 12.4 µm/m °C | 10.1 W/m -°K |
| 24°C | 52° | - | - | 24° | 24-93° | 48° |
Industry / End Use: Reactors, heat exchangers, and columns
